Overdosing on iron supplements can be dangerous, potentially causing liver damage among other problems. Your doctor will be able to determine if you have an iron deficiency and prescribe the correct dose of iron for you to take if necessary. If your doctor does recommend taking an iron supplement, it is important to take iron at least two hours before or four hours after taking antacids as they can interfere with iron absorption.
Keep in mind that it may take several months to a year or more to restore your iron levels, although you may start feeling better after a week or so of supplementation.
You may want to schedule a follow-up appointment to have your iron levels rechecked. You may also try including more iron-rich foods in your diet. These include dark green leafy vegetables e. Taking a vitamin C supplement or eating foods containing vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, melon, leafy green vegetables, tomatoes, and bell peppers, may also aid in iron absorption.
Keep in mind that iron found in plants is not as readily absorbed as the iron found in meat. As such, when eating iron-rich plants, it is best to eat foods containing vitamin C at the same meal to aid in iron absorption.
However, some individuals may not be able to easily absorb iron from food, so iron supplementation may still be recommended.
If supplementation does not improve iron levels, there may be another cause of the anemia, such as a disruption in iron absorption. In such cases, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat a peptic ulcer or other treatment depending on the cause. In severe cases, intravenous iron supplementation or a blood transfusion may be necessary.
If you think you may be at risk for anemia, talk with your doctor so you can be tested at your first prenatal visit. American Society of Hematology. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Iron and iron deficiency. Pregnancy FAQ Nutrition during pregnancy.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Accessed Dec. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Iron. National Institutes of Health. Bauer KA. Hematologic changes during pregnancy. American Society of Hematology. What is anemia? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Anemia during pregnancy. Rochester, Minn. Reaffirmed See also Air travel during pregnancy Allergy medications during pregnancy Ankle swelling during pregnancy Antibiotics and pregnancy Aspirin during pregnancy Baby brain Pregnancy back pain Breast-feeding while pregnant Childbirth classes Couvade syndrome Dental work during pregnancy Thinking about exercise during pregnancy?
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Mayo Clinic Press Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Reprint Permissions A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. The null hypothesis: There is a correlation between number of pregnancy and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is no correlation between number of pregnancy and hemoglobin level Table 7.
This confirms previous findings and increases the interest of pregnant women in their hemoglobin levels that decreases with higher parity. The null hypothesis: There is no significant association between sport and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is significant association between sport and hemoglobin level Table 8. As we see in the table above, the expected count is the value that we expect to observe if there was no significant association between hemoglobin and sport.
These values are different among observed and expected counts. Chi- square is the test used in this case. This test helps to determine if those observed count are different enough for the test to be significant association to be significant.
The results of this test are shown in the table below: Table 9. The minimum expected count is 9. Computed only for a 2x2 table. The p-value 0. To test how strong this significance is, the phi test is done since the sample size is small: Table The null hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between disease status and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is no positive correlation between disease status and hemoglobin level Table We accept H0 and reject HA since there is a very weak positive correlation 0.
The null hypothesis: There is a negative correlation between coffee or tea consumption and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is no negative correlation between coffee or tea consumption and hemoglobin level Table According to the correlation table above, the hemoglobin levels decrease with the increase of coffee and tea consumption.
The null hypothesis: There is a negative correlation between calcium supplementation and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is no negative correlation between calcium supplementation and hemoglobin level Table In the pie chart in the descriptive statistics section, calcium supplementation intake among the participants recorded the lowest percentage This low value is justified by the correlation coefficient We accept H0 and reject HA.
The null hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between weight of the baby and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is no positive correlation between weight of the baby and hemoglobin level Table A moderate positive correlation exists between hemoglobin levels and weight of the unborn baby.
This result justifies the rapprochement in percentages of normal hemoglobin levels So we accept H0 that there is a correlation between hemoglobin level and weight of the baby.
The null hypothesis: There is no significant association between number of meals per day and hemoglobin level. The alternative hypothesis: There is significant association between number of meals per day and hemoglobin level Table The chi square test helps to determine if those observed count are different enough for the test to be significant association to be significant.
The results of this test are shown in the table below: Table Hemoglobin level is dependent on the number of meals consumed per day. Not assuming the null hypothesis. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. Number of meals consumed per day by the pregnant woman and the quality of food is what make the association with the hemoglobin level.
Which variable affects positively or negatively hemoglobin levels in pregnant women? Table 18 a. As we see in the tables above, R is 0.
According to the last table, number of pregnancy affects positively 0. Table 19 a. Dependent Variable, Hemoglobin Level b. This test helps us how the type of food consumed with meat affect the hemoglobin levels. Knowing that some of these foods are inhibitors tomato and broccoli and enhancers vegetables, lemon, spinach of iron absorption, according to the table tomato and broccoli affect negatively hemoglobin levels justifying the finding in many previous studies.
While vegetables, lemon and spinach affect it positively with a higher positive association with lemon consumption. The results of this study were consistent with the recent findings of other studies concerning the effect of dietary habits on hemoglobin levels and its effects on the fetus. Some results contradict previous findings like the relation between age vs hemoglobin, sports vs hemoglobin and meat consumption vs hemoglobin.
The highest correlation coefficient between hemoglobin and the variables is the 0. The hemoglobin levels in the pregnant woman are affected by not the quantity of heme and non-heme iron only but the enhancers of absorption. Good enhancers must be consumed by every woman, non-pregnant, preparing for pregnancy and pregnant one.
During this period, not only the weight of the baby is affected by low hemoglobin levels of the mother; many outcomes are scientifically proved that are caused by such deficiency affecting the whole life of the baby mentally and physically.
Pregnancy requires additional maternal absorption of iron. Maternal iron status cannot be assessed simply from hemoglobin concentration because pregnancy produces increases in plasma volume and the hemoglobin concentration decreases accordingly. So many other factors must be considered in future research. In previous studies, sport shows no relation with hemoglobin levels but since a correlation coefficient of 0. Some of the limitations of our study are:.
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