We hope that you are as excited as we are. You are about to experience one of the most intensive, yet exciting weeks of your life, so get ready! We are going to introduce you to different internationally known Finnish companies through corporate visits and guest lecturers. We want to introduce you to the Finnish business culture, but also to the student life here in Helsinki — a balanced mix of business and pleasure. You are also going to experience the beautiful wintery nature of Finland when we go on a trip to the countryside and introduce you to our traditions such as the sauna and rolling in the snow.
Because of the increasing competition on the market companies need to differentiate and be able to offer something unique. A good business strategy is the core of the company and could be the key for breaking into new markets. During the IHD-seminar you will get an insight in how Finnish companies have built and used their business strategies to make their company successful. As for this year, we will introduce a new element to the seminar a case competition.
This gives you the opportunity to implement the information you have gotten and put it into practice. We are also going to give you the tools to make an effective business presentation.
During this seminar you are going to connect with companies, but more importantly with each other, to create a whole new network of friends around the world. This does not only mean people from the seminar but Hanken students as well.
Open up your mind, get ready and enjoy yourselves! Our Student Union, which was founded in , has for a long time sought to be international. As a matter of fact, it is one of our core values. We support the internationalization of our school and strive to build strong ties with other student organizations abroad, especially in the Nordic countries. Our school strongly shares our value of being international. This is usually done during the third year of studies.
Due to the fact that, at any given time, almost a whole class of students is abroad, we also have a lot of exchange students studying at Hanken. When you walk the corridors of our school you may hear many different languages and bump into people of a wide variety of nationalities. The diversity of people and nationalities is a thing we cherish. As a student union, we organize as much activities to our international students as possible. Our Exchange Committee and our Masters Committee, both of which use English as their main language, mainly organize these activities.
As one of our flagship events for international participants, International Helsinki Days is organized by its own team. During the International Helsinki Days you will have a great opportunity to network with your fellow participants and learn about their culture and way of life. You will also be visiting companies on various excursions and learn about our school.
Therefore, I would like to encourage each and every one of you to be overt and social. Ask questions and try to get the most out of every day. After all, one week will go by way too fast, especially as you will be having a lot of fun. Have a great IHD week! Contact information: firstname. Experiences of a Past Delegate How time flies. Thank you for this great honour. How I would love to be in the position of you future participants again. Lucky you! Guess what happened? A Finnish friend who took one semester in Zurich told me about this great opportunity in Helsinki.
I thought that it sounded very interesting. But in the first place I was unsure what to expect and if I should take the time to make an application when I really should study instead. I got chosen! I booked the flight and the saga in winterly Helsinki began….
A week full of great experiences! I was the first time up north and learned how to survive in such a cold winter I was pretty scared of it. I got to know Helsinki, Finnish culture and at the same time even the cultures of all the participants. I met great people from all over the world that became good friends. We tried delicious food and drinks, visited innovative corporations and learned more about different topics in lectures.
Last but not least we had a hilarious time at the nightly parties. My favorite new experience with the biggest fun factor was definitely the traditional Sitting. The methodology of maritime archaeology has developed slowly, and archaeological inspections of many important sites used landbased techniques.
A vital step took place in in the Mediterranean Sea, when George F. This excavation was a forerunner in many methodological aspects for example, photogrammetry in addition to opening up a new source of information on the past trade of the area. In Finland, archaeologically motivated salvage activities occurred during the s, especially at Ruotsinsalmi in Swedish, Svensksund , an old battlefield area Tiina Mertanen, pers.
The history of Finnish maritime archaeology has not been studied yet. However, a single case study called Kultakaleeri The Gold Galley is presented here, which clearly expresses the change in attitudes and the way historical wrecks are appreciated. The study of this wreck was most likely the first underwater study referred to as research, and it took place in the s.
This case is discussed here because one party involved in this project was the Suomenlinna Museum, although the geographical area is 28 km east of the fortress Kultakaleeri: from salvage to archaeology in Finland The gradual development of archaeological thought away from salvage can be followed through several Finnish case studies.
The beginning of maritime archaeology in Finland is regarded as starting with the discovery of the wreck of the Russian frigate St Nikolai Cederlund During the years following the discovery, several salvage operations were undertaken, causing damage to the hull.
However, another wreck is more useful for regarding the relationship between maritime archaeology and salvage. Its story can be followed back to the early 18th century. According to oral tradition, Kultakaleeri was thought to be the wreck of a ship of Russian origin. It foundered in the s while trying to escape a Swedish fleet during the Great Northern War.
There are many stories about galleys left by Russians in the Swedish archipelago. However, these stories are not always accurate one of these wrecks turned out to be a medieval cog Hjulhammar It can be accessed at Introduction The Kultakaleeri ship was believed to carry precious cargo, such as loot and the salaries of Russian troops.
It had a reputation as a real treasure ship. The Russians could not salvage their valuables, as they did not have safe access to the site: the wreck was located in an area belonging to Sweden. The rumours of treasure spread and, in , Swedes came to salvage the wreck. At that time, a person called Jacob Gillbert was responsible for the diving operation. The divers managed to raise some minor items and break the deck structure of the wreck Huhtamies A new attempt took place in , led by the Diving and Salvage Company of Stockholm.
The company had reinforcements from England: a diving bell and a diver named John Davies. It was the first time that a diving bell was used in Finnish waters. They managed to recover some items, such as cannon balls, a church bell, silver, and parts of a gun carriage, but the legendary gold remained unfound.
These early contemporary activities cannot be regarded as maritime archaeological research. The motivation for field operations could have been purely economic or, as suspected by Huhtamies , related to efforts to reveal advanced technical methods of Russian shipbuilding. A change of approach towards wrecks came only in the 20th century.
According to the annual report of the Finnish Archaeological Commission in Finnish, Muinaistieteellinen toimikunta, which in became the Finnish National Board of Antiquities, or Museovirasto , research of the wreck was enabled with the help of a Swedish count, Alarik Wachtmeister. He had an old shipbook in Finnish, laivakirja; could also be translated as logbook , which stated the exact location of the wreck.
At the same time, salvage diver Mr Suni learned the story of the treasure. This renewed interest led to a new project in Neptun, the Swedish Naval Museum, and the Suomenlinna Museum made a contract to split the artefacts into three equal collections. These rescue actions at Kultakaleeri were closely followed in the media.
The news explained that salvors raised silver from the wreck; however, later analyses revealed that it was not silver, but corroded iron.
Altogether 1, items were lifted, mainly old cannon balls Analecta The rumoured fourteen barrels of gold were never discovered. The items lifted from the wreck were donated as scrap metal to the defence forces.
It was done with the permission of the two other stakeholders, the Swedish Naval Museum and the salvage company Neptun. Some other objects were donated to the Military Museum of Finland. The story reveals the recycling of maritime objects originating from a wreck as scrap metal, even from museum premises. It can thus be seen that recycling has taken place within extended object biographies even when objects have already been taken into a museum collection.
After World War II, diving gained popularity, although it was still rare to have access to suitable equipment for exploring underwater scenery. Gradually wrecks were acknowledged as historical source material. The salvaging of the wreck of the 17th century warship Vasa in Stockholm in had a clear impact on the general attitudes in Finland, and also influenced the story of Kultakaleeri. Voluntary divers working in maritime archaeology studied the wreck in the s, and their intentions were already professional, documenting in situ and lifting objects for the National Museum YLE, National broadcast company, Kultakaleerin salaisuus The secret of the Gold Galley These divers were the pioneers of the field.
At the same time, on 5 September , the State Archaeologist of Finland, Nils Cleve, was interviewed on national radio to discuss the value of wrecks. He explained how each wreck was a sample of evidence for a particular type of ship of its period. Cleve also described how investigating wrecks was a new field in Finland. He anticipated that in coming years, this type of research would be more important.
Cleve explained how Finland was not going to have a wreck as great as the Vasa, but work in Finnish waters could nevertheless provide interesting results Nordenstreng These visions are still current over fifty years later, and past decades have seen many professionally conducted underwater archaeological projects on different types of remains. Nevertheless, it would be worth taking Kultakaleeri into closer archaeological inspection using modern methodology, as its life cycle is truly interesting.
According to the Act, the wrecks of ships and other vessels discovered in the sea or in inland waters, which can be considered to have sunk over one hundred years ago, or parts thereof, are officially protected NBA, Cultural Environment A long tradition of plundering the fruits of the sea officially came to an end regarding historical wrecks.
The increase in diving and public interest in wrecks in the s were also signs for the authorities to start protecting these sites from plundering. The old tradition of salvage was now illegal with wrecks over one hundred years of age. Within the National Board of Antiquities, the task was given to the Office of Maritime Archaeology, established in , which later became the Maritime Museum of Finland.
Archaeological excavations were conducted at different wreck sites during the s and s. Research was carried out, and the development of maritime archaeology elsewhere was followed attentively. The work concentrated on battle areas and shipwrecked merchant vessels of different ages. No particular attention was given to scuttled and recycled ships, except in studies by Harry Alopaeus around Suomenlinna in the s and s see section 2.
The progress of scuba diving brought a lot of curious people to different wreck sites and information from the underwater world increased significantly. At that time, the most important method of sharing information was lifting objects to the surface, conserving them, and setting them on display in museums.
A great variety of objects have been collected, conserved, preserved, and catalogued in the collections of the Maritime Museum of Finland. Modern technology has created new possibilities for increasing awareness and studying sites without raising more items Leino and Flinkman For example, the survey project conducted as part of this dissertation did not raise any objects. The survey results were shared in a temporary exhibition at the Suomenlinna Museum.
The More important was the amount of new visual material from different sites around the fortress islands, collected using modern technology Fig.
Especially remarkable was the ability to present the underwater cultural landscape for the first time. Museum visitors could move around in the 3D landscape with a program developed to combine new lidar and multibeam data, and usable with a big screen and a 3D mouse. The exhibition Bubbling Under, the Underwater Cultural Heritage at Suomenlinna presented the underwater landscape of the fortress for the first time photo by the author Finland has not yet ratified the Convention, although Finland was involved with the development of the agreement and is already committed to following its Annexes, which describe the best practices and principles for research activities.
For example, as the first doctoral dissertation in Finland in this field, this study has followed the UNESCO Convention rigorously regarding ethical and practical issues. The general trend is to encourage people to access the sites in situ, and to view the Baltic Sea as an underwater historical museum. New technology has changed the field of visualization and documentation remarkably, and in the future the underwater seascape will become more and more familiar to the general public.
Introduction 1. Richard A. Gould In Finland, maritime archaeology is typically conducted from a historical perspective, focusing on the singular characteristics of the studied period. Lately, researchers also include general sociological discussion to shed light on what happened in the maritime past and how it may affect people today see, for example, Alvik ; Tikkanen a; b; Matikka An important question to ask in building a theory is what kind of behaviours could be linked to different kinds of archaeological remains.
Why did certain practices begin, change, or remain stable? When it comes to recycling practices, it is more meaningful to study the cultural catalyst for recycling than the act itself. Amick argues that archaeological explanations would benefit from greater integration with the larger body of historical and sociological studies on this topic.
Different social reasons can explain the evidence for recycling in the archaeological record. It was not until the s that several archaeologists expressed concern over how little we know about what happens to material goods after their original owners no longer find them useful.
However, it is commonly accepted that all societies practise conservation of material resources to some degree Richards ; Schiffer et al.
Modern recycling is related to production waste: material is first abandoned or collected as waste before it is recycled. Hurcombe states that it is only when things are no longer perceived as useful that our society treats objects as rubbish. Nevertheless, usefulness depends on the person and context, which makes interpretations complex and far more interesting at the same time.
Within this dissertation, recycling behaviour is approached using ideas borrowed from behavioural archaeology. Behavioural archaeology seeks explanations for variability and change in human behaviour. This is done by emphasizing the study of relationships between people and In this study, the artefact is a ship.
Difficulties in interpretation arise especially in dealing with skeleton wrecks. The lack of certain elements in the wreck could indicate cultural selection: was the ship or wreck salvaged at some point in the past? Or is its current condition due to natural formation processes? Both formation types should be explored in creating an interpretation: for example, a ship abandoned in shallow water could be scavenged with the help of a natural process, as it could be accessible by ice in the winter Moore Nevertheless, not all cultural transformation processes are visible in the archaeological record.
For example, when a blockship was removed after a conflict, it is likely that part of the salvaged vessel ended up as firewood. This type of behaviour might have been common. However, due to the burning of the material, the evidence vanished without leaving physical remains. According to maritime archaeologist Marcus Hjulhammar, one such case is known from Stockholm. During a cold period in January , watchmen chopped and used the bottom of the stricken vessel Konstapelns as firewood Hjulhammar Another example comes from a Canadian harbour at Cataraqui River, a place called Kingston, where the poor were encouraged to scavenge abandoned vessels for firewood Moore Archaeological formation processes Archaeologists learn about human societies of the past by examining debris that has survived into the present.
These material remains have not come down to us unchanged, but have gone through archaeological formation processes LaMotta and Schiffer The concept of formation processes is probably the most widely applied component of behavioural archaeology.
The importance of these processes was first introduced into maritime archaeology through the intensive research of Keith Muckelroy on shipwreck site environments. His work created a shift in the paradigm of shipwreck studies. Archaeological remains at every scale artefact, site and region are cumulative records of past events LaMotta and Schiffer That is, traces of events accumulate over time; sometimes the traces of earlier events are covered by the traces of later events, which happens easily in the underwater seascape.
To make accurate statements about a particular past event, the most relevant traces are isolated by Introduction analytically peeling back the marks of later events. Much research into formation processes is organised in object histories. An object history for a ship is simply the chronological sequence of events that involved that ship from the time that it was first built.
To a certain extent, all ships tend to go through the same general sequence procurement, manufacture, use, deposition, decay and some may pass through one or more secondary cycles reclamation, reuse, recycling.
When studying artefacts to answer a specific question about the past, the investigator determines where exactly within this flow model the focus of the question lies LaMotta and Schiffer Within this dissertation the question is of recycling, not as a simple part of the life history of a ship, but as an act of transforming a floating ship into an element of the underwater seascape.
Cultural transformation processes and natural transformation processes form a part of Michael B. Schiffer s profound work on behavioural archaeology ; ; ; ; These different formation processes create the archaeological record through human activities and natural forces. In ship abandonment studies, L.
Smith has stated that abandonment and site formation processes typically strip the ship s individual identity Smith These processes slowly erase the past of the ship and create an anonymous wreck.
To understand the skeleton wreck, it is important to understand the site formation process. Within this dissertation, the relevant aspect is the cultural transformation process, since the objective here is not to understand the current state of an individual site, but to understand why the wreck is in its location.
However, the basic effects of natural processes should still be acknowledged. Nature has a powerful impact on every archaeological site. Nature works constantly throughout the centuries, and even a slow degradation process makes a difference over time.
Natural forces vary a great deal depending on the site. The underwater environment in the brackish Baltic Sea functions differently to saltier seas. We need to collect more environmental information from the Baltic Sea, as our understanding of wave action, currents, silting, deterioration, the action of marine organisms, and other environmental factors in the Baltic Sea is still developing.
Scientific studies of wreck deterioration have been carried out during the last decades: for example, the MoSS project. This was a joint European project for monitoring, safeguarding, and Within the project, our understanding of the degradation process was extended to bacterial and fungal activity Palma ; Leino et al. The whole project consisted of pioneering research in many respects, including the opportunity to carry out multidisciplinary research between several countries and to compare different wreck sites in various natural environments see MoSS Project Newsletters I III.
Another pioneering project, called Wreck Protect, focused mainly on the Baltic Sea. When a ship enters the underwater world, it faces a new and different environment. It starts its physical decay, circulating material back into life as part of the degradation process. Wood polymers lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are decomposed by microorganisms, liberating carbon dioxide, water, and mineral elements.
Typically a wreck site consists of a number of different materials, and the seawater affects them all. It is said that gold is the only material that stays completely unchanged after entering the marine environment all other materials immediately start to decay or corrode. In addition to chemical reactions, physical actions also affect a site. For example, currents cause erosion, and the strong force of a moving ice cover can cause even more damage to wooden wrecks, and spread wreck elements across the underwater landscape.
The research of cultural processes in site formation rests on the principle that, after using artefacts, humans either reuse or deposit them in some manner Schiffer In recycling, we can identify at least three general phases of formation processes. These phases were described by Richards while explaining the principles of abandonment behaviour Richards The first phase is visible in use marks from an object s active life in service.
The second phase shows marks from the recycling process, and the third phase shows marks from events that occurred after recycling. These phases are all present in the life history of an artefact, and should be visible in the remains and available for interpretation.
Unfortunately this type of information is not available to a study based on survey material. More important are the context and site distribution patterns, as described by Gibbins He Schiffer s reuse mechanisms form the basis for this study.
Systemic context means that parent society is still using the object like a ship drawing Leena Luotio , after Schiffer Gibbins explains that context can be established by first exploring the potential range of depositional events i. It is the opinion of the author that depositional events are especially significant in studying the recycling of ships.
Accordingly, site distribution patterns become important in relation to deliberately abandoned ships, since the location is chosen, not random, as it typically is with shipwrecked vessels. The patterns must then be different from each other. It has been acknowledged within maritime archaeological studies for a long time that non-cultural and cultural processes should be combined, and their sum is relevant for example Holland This study does not focus on the sum of these processes, but purely on cultural processes.
This is due to the lack of evidence on natural processes, although the author acknowledges their significance Schiffer s reuse mechanisms A ship can be viewed through Schiffer s reuse mechanisms approach. According to these mechanisms Fig. Schiffer presented these ideas in , although he had developed this line of thought since the s in his various writings.
Other archaeologists have further developed these ideas over the past decades; in particular, Linda Hurcombe has adapted and expanded Schiffer s concepts Fig 1. Schiffer s reuse mechanisms are: Recycling, Lateral cycling, Secondary use, and Conservatory processes. The most interesting of these for this study is recycling, and the way Schiffer has expressed it as one mechanism of reuse processes. In Schiffer s early writing , he quotes Darnay and Franklin s Environmental Protection Agency report: Recycling is an activity whereby a secondary material is introduced as a raw material into an industrial process in which it is transformed into a new product The secondary materials are those that have fulfilled their useful function.
They cannot be used further in their present form or composition, and occur as waste from the manufacturing or conversion of products Darnay and Franklin Schiffer concludes that there are significant varieties of recycling, but completely general types useful for archaeological purposes remain to be defined. He adds that recycling may or may not involve a change in the user of the item. This article dates to the s, when the environmental movement was rising. For that reason, Schiffer adds that economists and environmentalists have begun to study recycling, and perhaps some concepts and principles can be borrowed from them Schiffer The recycling concept in this study would be limited if it rigorously followed Schiffer s ideas, borrowed from the environmentalists of the s.
The idea that recycling needs the reintroduction of the material into an industrial process where the material transfers into some other form or function would mean that maritime recycling could begin only with the appearance of iron hulls Schiffer At that point, industrial processes rendered the shape, condition, and size of the vessel unimportant due to the transformable nature of metals.
Nevertheless, recycling also took place previously, when the process included the salvage of objects, the dismantling of watercraft, and even submerging the whole hull into the underwater environment. One part of Schiffer s definition that does ring true for this study, is that recycling transform[s an object] into a new product in such a manner that its original identity is lost Schiffer Here the object is a ship, which appears as a skeleton wreck stripped of its identity.
It has already been suggested for example by Amick and Schiffer that the concept of recycling in archaeology should be extended. Linda Hurcombe states that there are materials and technologies, such as metals, that allow complete remanufacture. This is more than recycling-as-modification, which might leave some traces of former use Hurcombe Perhaps in the future, the remanufacturing process can be traced with the help of chemical analyses of the metals of remanufactured objects.
The concept of recycling in this dissertation covers several types of behaviours without involving industrial processes. Recycling produces something new from used material to be put into a different kind of use.
Introduction Recycling is a phase in the life cycle of a ship, which takes place within the systemic context; sometimes this act of recycling transfers material into an archaeological context. For example, a ship may be used as a structural foundation and forgotten under the new construction.
The hull was not seen as waste material, but as something that still had value for society. Another of Schiffer s significant reuse behaviours is lateral cycling, which refers to a change in the user and a transfer of ownership.
In lateral cycling, there is no change in the object itself or the way it is used. For example, a merchant vessel sold to a new owner that continues to serve as a merchant ship: the vessel stays within the systemic context, leaving no traces in the archaeological record. Smith states that lateral cycling and secondary use was a cost-effective way of running a business. Nevertheless, these behaviours are not visible in the archaeological record in Smith s study Smith Schiffer s secondary use mechanism is where the form of an object does not change, but it is used for a new purpose.
This type of reuse typically occurs with objects that are worn out. In secondary, supportive roles, a ship may serve in a less demanding capacity than its original function. Richards gives an extensive list of different reuse possibilities for watercraft, beginning with stores, family homes, and warehouses, and continuing with barns, taverns, hotels, restaurants, offices, jails, churches, landing stages, and wharves Richards , With secondary use, the main point is that the owner has not entirely abandoned the vessel.
It is still in use in the parent society. This is closely related to lateral cycling, in terms of the relationship with the archaeological record. This phase of an object s life can be studied archaeologically if the reused object ends up as an archaeological site.
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