Psychologists and psychiatrists have a lot in common, but they also have some key differences. Nothing is. If you have misophonia, certain sounds might trigger intense irritation, disgust, and physical discomfort.
Get the details on symptoms, treatments…. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Mental Health. What Part of the Brain Controls Speech? Medically reviewed by Nancy Hammond, M. Parts of the brain Brain injury Takeaway Your brain is responsible for nearly all functions of your body and for interpreting sensory information from the world around you.
Parts of the brain involved in speech. Brain injury and speech. The takeaway. Read this next. What Is Dysphasia? Medically reviewed by Sara Minnis, M. The ability to provide accurate speech sounds in rapid succession is a few things humans deem for granted. Speaking is a particularly involved process.
For many people, the cerebral hemisphere [3] controls language. If an injury occurs to at least one of the language areas within the area of the brain, the patient can have difficulties producing speech.
Voice: The utilization of the vocal folds and breathing to make a sound e. Fluency and prosody: The rhythm, intonation, stress, and related attributes of speech. Cerebrum : Each hemisphere of the cerebrum may be divided into regions called lobes [5] , which include the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The lobes located within the front and side of the brain, the frontal lobes [2] and also temporal lobes [2] , are primarily involved in speech formation and understanding.
Cerebellum : The cerebellum is found at the rear of the brain. The cerebellum is involved in coordinating skeletal muscle movements, including opening and closing your mouth, moving your arms and legs, standing upright, and maintaining balance. It also controls language processing [6]. Articulating ideas, and using words accurately in spoken and communication.
It helps you form words, speak clearly, and understand concepts in language form. Angular Gyrus : Allows us to associate multiple kinds of language-related information whether auditory, visual, or sensory. The angular gyrus allows us to associate a perceived word with different images, sensations, and ideas. Motor cortex : To speak clearly, you need to move the muscles of your mouth, tongue, and throat.
This is often where the motor cortex comes into play. One such communication disorder is Aphasia. Aphasia is a disturbance happening in comprehension or expression of language. Aphasia is a disorder resulting from damage to parts of the brain that are important for language.
For several people, these areas are on the left side of the brain. But the majority with aphasia have some trouble with their speaking and will have a mixture of problems with writing, reading, and perhaps listening. This is the most severe form of aphasia and is applied to patients who can produce a few recognizable words and understand little or no spoken language. In this case, all components of speech and language are affected. Patients can say a few phrases at most and understand only a few words and phrases.
It is within hollow channels in the brain, called ventricles, that the fluid is produced. A specialized structure within each ventricle, called the choroid plexus, is responsible for the majority of CSF production. The brain normally maintains a balance between the amount of CSF that is absorbed and the amount that is produced. However, disruptions in this system may occur. The ventricular system is divided into four cavities called ventricles, which are connected by a series of holes, called foramen, and tubes.
Two ventricles enclosed in the cerebral hemispheres are called the lateral ventricles first and second. They each communicate with the third ventricle through a separate opening called the Foramen of Munro. The third ventricle is in the center of the brain, and its walls are made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus. The third ventricle connects with the fourth ventricle through a long tube called the Aqueduct of Sylvius. CSF flowing through the fourth ventricle flows around the brain and spinal cord by passing through another series of openings.
The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain, located in front of the cerebellum and connected to the spinal cord. It consists of three structures: the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
It serves as a relay station, passing messages back and forth between various parts of the body and the cerebral cortex. Many simple or primitive functions that are essential for survival are located here. The midbrain is an important center for ocular motion while the pons is involved with coordinating eye and facial movements, facial sensation, hearing and balance. The medulla oblongata controls breathing, blood pressure, heart rhythms and swallowing. Messages from the cortex to the spinal cord and nerves that branch from the spinal cord are sent through the pons and the brainstem.
Destruction of these regions of the brain will cause "brain death. The reticular activating system is found in the midbrain, pons, medulla and part of the thalamus. It controls levels of wakefulness, enables people to pay attention to their environments and is involved in sleep patterns. Originating in the brainstem are 10 of the 12 cranial nerves that control hearing, eye movement, facial sensations, taste, swallowing and movements of the face, neck, shoulder and tongue muscles. The cranial nerves for smell and vision originate in the cerebrum.
Four pairs of cranial nerves originate from the pons: nerves five through eight. The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobes.
It is separated from the cerebrum by the tentorium fold of dura. The cerebellum fine tunes motor activity or movement, e. It helps one maintain posture, sense of balance or equilibrium, by controlling the tone of muscles and the position of limbs. The cerebellum is important in one's ability to perform rapid and repetitive actions such as playing a video game.
In the cerebellum, right-sided abnormalities produce symptoms on the same side of the body. The cerebrum, which forms the major portion of the brain, is divided into two major parts: the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum is a term often used to describe the entire brain. A fissure or groove that separates the two hemispheres is called the great longitudinal fissure.
The two sides of the brain are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum connects the two halves of the brain and delivers messages from one half of the brain to the other.
The surface of the cerebrum contains billions of neurons and glia that together form the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex appears grayish brown in color and is called the "gray matter. The cerebral cortex has sulci small grooves , fissures larger grooves and bulges between the grooves called gyri. Scientists have specific names for the bulges and grooves on the surface of the brain.
Decades of scientific research have revealed the specific functions of the various regions of the brain. Beneath the cerebral cortex or surface of the brain, connecting fibers between neurons form a white-colored area called the "white matter.
Similar to cables coming out the back of a computer, all the arteries, veins and nerves exit the base of the skull through holes, called foramina. The big hole in the middle foramen magnum is where the spinal cord exits. The brain communicates with the body through the spinal cord and twelve pairs of cranial nerves Fig. Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves that control hearing, eye movement, facial sensations, taste, swallowing and movement of the face, neck, shoulder and tongue muscles originate in the brainstem.
The cranial nerves for smell and vision originate in the cerebrum. The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three layers of tissue called meninges. From the outermost layer inward they are: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Dura mater: is a strong, thick membrane that closely lines the inside of the skull; its two layers, the periosteal and meningeal dura, are fused and separate only to form venous sinuses. The dura creates little folds or compartments. There are two special dural folds, the falx and the tentorium. The falx separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain and the tentorium separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
Arachnoid mater: is a thin, web-like membrane that covers the entire brain. The arachnoid is made of elastic tissue. The space between the dura and arachnoid membranes is called the subdural space. Pia mater: hugs the surface of the brain following its folds and grooves. The pia mater has many blood vessels that reach deep into the brain. The space between the arachnoid and pia is called the subarachnoid space. It is here where the cerebrospinal fluid bathes and cushions the brain.
Blood is carried to the brain by two paired arteries, the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries Fig. The internal carotid arteries supply most of the cerebrum. The vertebral arteries supply the cerebellum, brainstem, and the underside of the cerebrum. After passing through the skull, the right and left vertebral arteries join together to form the basilar artery.
The communication between the internal carotid and vertebral-basilar systems is an important safety feature of the brain.
If one of the major vessels becomes blocked, it is possible for collateral blood flow to come across the Circle of Willis and prevent brain damage. The venous circulation of the brain is very different from that of the rest of the body. Usually arteries and veins run together as they supply and drain specific areas of the body.
So one would think there would be a pair of vertebral veins and internal carotid veins. However, this is not the case in the brain. The major vein collectors are integrated into the dura to form venous sinuses — not to be confused with the air sinuses in the face and nasal region. The venous sinuses collect the blood from the brain and pass it to the internal jugular veins.
The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses drain the cerebrum, the cavernous sinuses drains the anterior skull base. All sinuses eventually drain to the sigmoid sinuses, which exit the skull and form the jugular veins. These two jugular veins are essentially the only drainage of the brain. There are many sizes and shapes of neurons, but all consist of a cell body, dendrites and an axon. The neuron conveys information through electrical and chemical signals.
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